R Archives - book❷net book scanners

Raking light

Posted on 19. April 202419. April 2024 by Karin

Raking light is a technique in which an object is illuminated from one side only, at an oblique angle in relation to its surface. It is used in particular in the scientific analysis of art works to reveal the surface structure and judge the condition of the objects. In the case of paintings, this makes it easier to recognize unevenness in the support or flaking in the paint layer; in the case of objects made of stone or metal, such as coins, it makes it easier to recognize and read scratch marks or inscriptions rubbed off through use.

Book2net offers the option of raking light illumination in its repro systems, for example.

Resolution

Posted on 7. September 202317. April 2024 by multiadmin

What does resolution actually mean in the world of digital images? Every digital image is made up of tiny pixels like a mosaic. We measure resolution in pixels per inch (PPI), i.e. this value indicates how many pixels there are per inch (approx. 2.54 cm). The higher the density of pixels per inch, the higher the resolution.

But resolution is only one piece of the picture quality puzzle: it’s like a piece in a big game. It only says something about the quantity, but not about the quality, i.e. the sharpness of the individual pixels.

How much resolution is needed?That depends entirely on the type of original to be digitized: a pure text or a stamp require far less resolution for an excellent scan result than the image of a painting, which is needed for scientific purposes, or the digitization of a poster that is to be printed in large format.

With its high-resolution M70 and M150 cameras, book2net offers the ideal basis for resolutions in all formats.

Retro digitization

Posted on 19. August 202223. August 2023 by Karin

Retro digitization (also retrospective digitization) generally refers to the digitization of analog media, such as print media, film or sound recordings. It is used in particular in the area of libraries and archives in order to preserve valuable collections and endangered works in terms of the protection of cultural assets and at the same time to make them available for use by academic research and a broader global public.

The digitization takes place in image form by scanning or digital photography or in full text by OCR. The latter can be done in a simple version as “plaintext” (pure text) or as “excellent text” (provided with extended structures and hyperlinks).

In Germany, the retro-digitization of written cultural heritage has been significantly promoted by the DFG, the German Research Foundation, since 1997 and has been managed by the German National Library since 2005 as part of the European Library Project. Central digitization centers are located at the Bavarian State Library in Munich and the University Library in Göttingen. An overview of the digitized holdings is provided by the Central Index of Digitized Prints and the German Digital Library.

One of the most prominent examples of retro-digitization is the digitization of the copies of the Gutenberg Bibel scattered around the world.

Moreover, the long-term archiving of digitized media requires suitable strategies to ensure that the data and content can also be displayed and exploited sustainably in systems (hardware and software) that will be used in the future. Therefore, retro-digitization is sometimes associated with archiving on microforms, which have a longer shelf life than digital storage media. Both microforms and digital copies are recorded in the European Register of Microform and Digital Masters (EROMM).

Special scanner for retro digitization

High-performance scanners such as the book2net Ultra A2 or the book2net Mosquito A1 are primarily used in the production area of the digitization centers. V-scanners such as our book2net Cobra , Lizard and Dragon or special applications such as the book2net multispectral system for the scientific research of manuscripts and incunabula are particularly suitable for the conservational digitization of valuable rare collections.

RGB color space

Posted on 16. November 202115. June 2022 by Karin

What is a color space?

Most likely you are reading this article on the screen of your computer, laptop or your smartphone. Do you see the colors in the illustrations? These colors are defined on your screen by the use of a color space. A color space is a defined range of colors. Color space means the use of a specific color model. A color model is a method of generating many colors from a defined group of primary colors. Each color model has a range of colors that it can generate. This area is the color space. The most common systems are RGB and CMYK.

When choosing which color space to use, the basic question is: Are you working in digital or print format? Digital devices such as cameras and monitors use a color space called RGB.

The RGB color space is composed of three basic colors to which the light-sensitive cones in the human eye react most sensitively: red, green and blue. Theoretically it is possible to decompose every visible color into combinations of these three “primary colors.” Color monitors, for instance, can display millions of colors simply by mixing different intensities of red, green and blue. It is most common to place the range of intensity for each color on a scale from 0 to 255 (one byte). The range of intensity is also known as the “color depth”. Multiplying all available color gradations per channel results in 2563 or 16,777,216 color combinations. One often finds the statement: 16.7 million colors.

The possibilities for mixing the three primary colors together can be represented as a three-dimensional coordinate plane with the values for R (red), G (green) and B (blue) on each axis. This coordinate plane results a cube called the RGB color space.

Source: Wikimedia Commmons Copyright: GNU-Lizenz für freie Dokumentation.

The RGB color space is based on colored light. The three colors of light combine in different ways to create color. It is an additive process, a look at the pictures shows why:

If all three color channels are set to their maximum values (255 at a one byte color depth), the resulting color is white.

If all three color channels have a value of zero, it means that no light is emitted and the resulting color is black (on a monitor, for example, it cannot be blacker than the surface of the monitor producing 0 light).

This type of color mixing is also called “additive color mixing”.

What types of RGB color spaces are existing?

Source: Wikimedia Commons (unbearbeitet)
Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported

Different color spaces allow for you to use a broader or narrower range of those 16.7 million colors used in an image. If you think about it, there is a nearly infinite number of ways you can mix different colors together. If you add just a little more green here or there, you have got a new color. Take away a bit more red, and you have just created yet another color. What most people do not know is that they can choose the level of color detail their camera records. A bigger color space captures more colors than a smaller one.

Color spaces differ in the number of colors that can be visualized within a color space. When it comes to working with digital devices, sRGB, AdobeRGB and ECI-RGB are among the most important and well-known color spaces:

The smallest of these color spaces, is sRGB. The sRGB color space was originally developed as a color space for CRT monitors in order to display images created in sRGB as similarly as possible on all monitors.

AdobeRGB is able to represent about 35% more color ranges than sRGB is able to. The color gamut was primarily improved in the green tones, including the blue-green area, i.e. the so-called cyan tones.

The ECI-RGB V2 color space is one of the standardised RGB colour spaces. It is the recommended color space in the Metamorfoze Preservation Imaging Guidelines and the only one allowed at the highest level of these imaging standards. As a working colour space for professional image processing ECI-RGB V2 covers practically all printing processes as well as all widespread display technologies. ECI-RGB thus particularly fulfils the requirements for true colour reproduction. A corresponding ICC profile for integration in image processing programs can be downloaded free of charge from the ECI website and allows constant colour reproduction on all output devices.

RAW

Posted on 19. May 202115. June 2022 by multiadmin

Digital raster images consist of a set of a grid of dots called pixels. Each pixel provides a definite color. Examples of raster images include file formats such as TIFF, JPEG, PNG, GIF, RAW, and PSD. These file formats are used in storing photos, digital artwork as well as web graphics.

Raw Images file formats contain image data that is raw and uncompressed. Unlike compressed formats which lose data during the compression process, RAW formats produce images directly as they were captured by the capturing device sensor. Raw file formats are primarily processed and then converted to JPEG or TIFF in special RAW file converters. Raw format is viewed as the highest quality image format.

Rara

Posted on 11. May 202115. June 2022 by multiadmin

Rara (from Latin rarus = rare, singular) is a term used in libraries for particularly valuable illuminated manuscripts, old prints or special documents and writings that are cataloged and stored separately, often in specially secured and ventilated vaults.

Due to their uniqueness and preciousness, such collections are usually only presented to the user on request and in separate reading rooms. In the past, alternatives were facsimile editions or microfilming.

Thanks to the development of gentle, conservative book scanners, these holdings are now increasingly available both to scholar and a broader public worldwide as digital copies.

related topics

RELATED TOPICS

Related Topics

Related Topics

Related Topics

Related Topics