Category Archives: Glossary

Raking light

Raking light is a technique in which an object is illuminated from one side only, at an oblique angle in relation to its surface. It is used in particular in the scientific analysis of art works to reveal the surface structure and judge the condition of the objects. In the case of paintings, this makes it easier to recognize unevenness in the support or flaking in the paint layer; in the case of objects made of stone or metal, such as coins, it makes it easier to recognize and read scratch marks or inscriptions rubbed off through use.

Book2net offers the option of raking light illumination in its repro systems, for example.

 

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M150

With the development of the M150 camera, MCROBOX has taken the quality of the X71 camera into a new league. With the M150, you now have a 152 megapixel camera for all our professional scanning systems that combines unique image quality with high productivity.

By using the latest generation image sensor with global shutter, the M150 offers an attractive combination of high frame rate and impressive dynamic range.

The modular concept and the integrative software not only enable the realization of individual, tailor-made solutions; they also allow integration into existing work processes and special systems, such as the Grazer Buchisch or Wolfenbütteler Buchspiegel.

 

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X71

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Resolution

What does resolution actually mean in the world of digital images? Every digital image is made up of tiny pixels like a mosaic. We measure resolution in pixels per inch (PPI), i.e. this value indicates how many pixels there are per inch (approx. 2.54 cm). The higher the density of pixels per inch, the higher the resolution.

But resolution is only one piece of the picture quality puzzle: it’s like a piece in a big game. It only says something about the quantity, but not about the quality, i.e. the sharpness of the individual pixels. 

How much resolution is needed?That depends entirely on the type of original to be digitized: a pure text or a stamp require far less resolution for an excellent scan result than the image of a painting, which is needed for scientific purposes, or the digitization of a poster that is to be printed in large format.

With its high-resolution M70 and M150 cameras, book2net offers the ideal basis for resolutions in all formats.

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PPI

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Sensor technology

See:

Image sensor/area sensor

Image sensor/CMOS versus CCD

Line sensor

 

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Image sensor / area sensor

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Line sensor

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Lighting system

Professional scanners should have a lighting system that provides uniform and gentle illumination and can adapt variably to a wide variety of originals, depending on the specific requirements. In addition, the light sources should be glare-free as well as UV/IR-free, so that there is no radiation exposure for the user in accordance with EN60825-1.

LED lighting unit: Less is more!

All our book2net scanners are therefore equipped with a LED lighting system as standard, which provides a stable color temperature during the scanning process and thus guarantees true color reproduction. When using conventional LED light bands, different luminous intensities also occur in due to the different light paths on the surface, depending on the position of the light source. Therefore, we use only Fresnel lenses, which compensate for this process and provide uniform illumination of the entire scan area.

Thanks to the CMOS sensor technology we use and innovative process optimization, our scanners operate with an extremely reduced illumination time of 0.6 sec. This guarantees particularly gentle recording of originals with the lowest light requirement to avoid irretrievable damage to paper, ink and colors that can be caused by excessive light intensity.

In addition, we have optimized the design of our devices to ensure the best possible illumination and to assure constant scan quality:

The elegant black design of our scanners prevents annoying back reflections.

The rear-mounted lighting system and optimized housing curvature provide the optimum angle of light incidence to avoid uncontrolled reflections into the optics caused by the curvature of the side.

All of our lighting units are customized for specific applications as fixed components of our high-quality systems.

 

Additional lighting: optimal illumination for large formats and precious old books

Large formats and particularly valuable old books with waved surfaces, special inks, gold grounds and gildings require more than standard illumination.

To meet these special requirements, we have developed auxiliary lighting for our Ultra, Flash, Mosquito, Hornet and Cobra production scanners that can be integrated, mounted or controlled externally as required. The additional lighting can be easily synchronized with the integrated scanner lighting via a light control module. This ensures optimum shadow- and reflection-free illumination.

 

Sided light: individual illumination for special requirementsn

Some of our devices such as our reprographic systems and book2net Archive Pro scanners also feature individually controllable back and side lighting units to enable application-specific lighting scenarios.




Lighting scenarios with book2net reprographic system to highlight different features on a coin.

Advantages of the book2net lighting system:

Modern, LED lighting concept (UV/IR and ozone free, according to EN60825-1)

Glare- and flicker-free light (no flash effects)

Low energy consumption < 100 W

Stable color temperature of 5500 Kelvin

Lowest light intensity; controllable from 1000 to 3500 lux

LED lighting units individually adjustable and controllable according to special requirements

Unique Fresnel lens concept for uniform illumination of originals

Continuous regulation of the light emission angle

Additional illumination (optional)

Extremely long service life (10,000 working hours)

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UV fluorescence

UV fluorescence examination is a non-destructive examination method used on works of art. It uses UV radiation to make surface phenomena visible that remain hidden to the human eye in normal light. This allows important insights into the condition of the objects to be obtained, particularly in paintings for the visualization of varnish layers, retouching and overpainting. Occasionally, it is also possible to narrow down the material groups used (including binders).

The short-wave UV radiation stimulates the materials used (e.g. varnishes, binders, pigments) to fluoresce. The different fluorescence properties of the materials used allow a differentiated perception.

UV fluorescence photography should not be confused with UV photography or UV reflectography.

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Fluorescence

Fluorescence refers to the ability of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a certain wavelength (the excitation: Ex, excitation) and then to emit light of a longer wavelength during a short-lived emission (Em).

Art technology, among others, makes use of this property when examining works of art. Properties can be detected and assigned to specific materials; the spectrum thus becomes material-specific, a kind of optical fingerprint. The storage of such reference spectra in reference databases supports the work of scientists in their research.

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