Category Archives: Glossary

X71

With the book2net X71, MICROBOX has developed a unique digital camera for the digitizing sector, which is the heart of all our systems. It enables high-resolution images for a wide variety of original sizes and structures providing first-class image quality, the simplest handling and incredible speed.

  • 71 MP CMOS sensor
  • 71 million microlens system
  • Temperature regulation, control and stabilization
  • Suitable for mobile and stationary use
  • Digital focus adjustment
  • Adjustable exposure time 0.0001-2.0 sec.
  • Resolution up to 8200 dpi
  • Image transfer 0.4 sec. at 71 MP
  • Scanning time 0.2 sec. at 71 MP
  • Image transfer rate 350 Mbyte/sec. via USB 3.0 interface
  • Full screen, window and video mode

 

The all-rounder for the highest requirements: 

The modular concept of the X71 allows individual combination with standard copy stands as well as smooth integration into high-end repro systems such as the Graz Book Table or Wolfenbüttel Book Mirror.

Which documents can you digitize with the X71?
Whether loose or bound materials, fragments or large formats, glossy or matt surfaces, flat, relief or 3D objects – with the X71 you can digitize all kinds of templates in the highest quality.

Which scan formats are covered?
The distance to the object and the choice of lens determine the scan format. We offer a wide range of lenses and adapters. Our standard lens covers the formats A4 to A0; macro lenses can be used for special requirements.

Which quality standards are met?
The X71 meets the FADGI 4-star and METAMORFOZE guidelines.

Which software is used or required?
The integrated service application enables comfortable and precise system calibration. As an option, we also offer our intuitive Easy Scan Professional processing software, which provides you with advanced tools for optimal image processing. The integrated SDK also allows software from other providers to be used.

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Multispectral imaging

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Grayscale

Grayscale is an important basis for creating a color profile and calibrating a monitor so that images appear true to color.

They are formed from the 256 colors of an RGB color palette in which the red, green and blue components remain the same in the color value. If R, G and B have the value 0, the color defined by this is a pure black; if all three color components have the value 255, this defines a pure white.

This results in a gradation of different tones between black and white, each of which is identified by a number. An intermediate value, such as 192, defines a gray color of certain brightness. In the palette of a grayscale image, therefore, all 256 colors between 0 and 255 are stored − this means that a total of 256 possible gradations in brightness can occur. All color tones, which are stored accordingly between 0 and 255, result in the different gray tones.

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Delta E

Delta E (dE or ∆E) is a measurand for determining color accuracy, i.e. for quantifying the distance, colloquially difference, between a given color value and the value achieved in reproduction by print media or displays.

Since visual color perception is strongly dependent on the viewer, a quantification by mathematically measurable reference values offers the possibility of an objective evaluation.

When specifying color distances according to the dE formal, the value denotes a difference that the human eye no longer perceives.

Generally applies: the smaller the distance, the smaller the color differences. A color distance of dE <0.2 is considered invisible, a distance below dE 1.0 still as small.

Delta E is frequently used in the field of digitization as an objective measurement variable in the color profiling of grayscale and RGB primary colors for quality determination.

 

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Color rendering index (CRI)

Color rendering is a characteristic used to define the quality of artificial light compared to natural light. The color rendering index indicates how faithfully the colors are reproduced by a light source in its own environment and how fully the light spectrum is displayed with all its color components. Compared to a natural light source, such as the sun, artificial light sources often have the problem that the color rendering deviates far from the natural light that is used as a reference.

The quality of color rendering of light sources of equivalent color temperature is described by the color rendering index (CRI).

An artificial light source would have optimal color rendering if its light contained all spectral colors as in sunlight and the colors of the illuminated objects looked correspondingly natural. In nature, perfect white is achieved when the sun falls perpendicularly on the earth at noon, i.e. no wave ranges are refracted away into the atmosphere; as a reference, this corresponds to value of CRI 100. This means that the higher the Ra value of an artificial light source, the more natural the colors appear and the higher the quality of color rendering.

With book scanners, developers try to get as close as possible to the value 100 for the light source, usually a CRI of 80-95 is achieved. However, this value is not solely responsible for the quality of the light; valid statements can only be made in connection with the color temperature. The values can also fluctuate depending on the current operating temperature of the light source.

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Luminous intensity distribution curve

The luminous intensity distribution curve (LID) or light distribution curve is a graphical representation of the measured luminous intensity of a luminaire. In a LID, the luminous intensity in candela (cd) as well as the beam angle can be read.

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Candela

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Luminous efficacy

The luminous efficacy of a light source is its efficiency or energy efficiency, which is the quotient of luminous flux (lumen) and absorbed electrical power (watt). Thus, a 100 W light bulb that delivers a luminous flux of 1500 lm has a luminous efficacy of 15 lm/W. This means that only part of the electrical power absorbed by a light bulb is converted into visible light radiation. The remaining power is mainly emitted in the infrared range and is thus detectable as thermal radiation.

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Lumen

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Candela

Candela (cd) is an internationally standardized physical unit of measurement for the luminous intensity of a light source in a certain direction.

Candela is used to describe more precisely the luminous flux emitted by a light source in a certain direction. Candela is the Latin word for candle; 1 candela therefore corresponds approximately to the amount of light emitted by a candle. Since a light source does not emit its light uniformly in all directions, another unit of measurement to lumens is necessary. While the unit of measurement lumen generally indicates the luminous flux of a light source, this value still says nothing about how focused or wide the emitted light beam is.

The candela value, which measures the intensity of light at a specific beam or solid angle, helps in this determination. An analysis of the light intensity in relation to all directions can be modeled into a so-called luminous intensity distribution curve. Depending on the design of a light source, the luminous intensity is distributed uniformly or irregularly over a given solid angle.

The higher the candela number given, the more focused the light beam. 1 candela of a light source is when its illuminance with a distance of one meter is 1 lux; i.e. lux and candela are interdependent in consequence.

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Lumen

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Lux

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Lumen

Lumen (lm) is the internationally standardized unit of measurement for the luminous flux of a light source and thus allows conclusions to be drawn about the brightness of the illuminant. Colloquially, one also speaks of the light output of a lamp.

The luminous flux indicates the amount of light generated per unit of time; the unit of time is quasi = 0 due to the speed of light of 300,000 km/second, since the speed of light forms our perceptual limit.

Lumen is not to be confused with the unit for illuminance lux, which indicates how much light per unit of time is incident on a unit of area, i.e. the amount of brightness on/at an illuminated surface.

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Candela

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Lux

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Luminous efficacy

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Lux

Lux (lx) is the internationally standardized physical unit of measurement for the illuminance of a light source. The name is derived from the Latin word for light.

The unit lux is calculated from the luminous flux incident on a given surface, i.e. the number of lumens per m². Thus, the illuminance of one lux corresponds to the uniform illumination of a 1 m² surface with a luminous flux of one lumen (1 lux is 1 lumen/m²). Alternatively, 1 lux can be defined as the illuminance at 1 meter from a point light source of luminous intensity 1 candela (1 cd).

Thus, the lux number depends on the distance between the light source and the surface: The greater the distance, the lower the number of lux.

Unlike lumen and candela, which are transmit quantities, lux is a receive quantity.

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Candela

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Lumen

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Retro digitization

Retro digitization (also retrospective digitization) generally refers to the digitization of analog media, such as print media, film or sound recordings. It is used in particular in the area of libraries and archives in order to preserve valuable collections and endangered works in terms of the protection of cultural assets and at the same time to make them available for use by academic research and a broader global public.

The digitization takes place in image form by scanning or digital photography or in full text by OCR. The latter can be done in a simple version as “plaintext” (pure text) or as “excellent text” (provided with extended structures and hyperlinks).

In Germany, the retro-digitization of written cultural heritage has been significantly promoted by the DFG, the German Research Foundation, since 1997 and has been managed by the German National Library since 2005 as part of the European Library Project. Central digitization centers are located at the Bavarian State Library in Munich and the University Library in Göttingen. An overview of the digitized holdings is provided by the Central Index of Digitized Prints and the German Digital Library.

One of the most prominent examples of retro-digitization is the digitization of the copies of the Gutenberg Bibel scattered around the world.

Moreover, the long-term archiving of digitized media requires suitable strategies to ensure that the data and content can also be displayed and exploited sustainably in systems (hardware and software) that will be used in the future. Therefore, retro-digitization is sometimes associated with archiving on microforms, which have a longer shelf life than digital storage media. Both microforms and digital copies are recorded in the European Register of Microform and Digital Masters (EROMM).

Special scanner for retro digitization

High-performance scanners such as the book2net Ultra A2 or the book2net Mosquito A1 are primarily used in the production area of the digitization centers. V-scanners such as our book2net Cobra , Lizard and Dragon or special applications such as the book2net multispectral system for the scientific research of manuscripts and incunabula are particularly suitable for the conservational digitization of valuable rare collections.

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OCR

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