Glossary Archives - Page 6 of 15 - book❷net book scanners

Opening angle

Posted on 28. June 202224. August 2023 by Karin

Adjustable opening angles for book cradles and glass plates are basic requirements for professional digitization systems.

Conservation digitization

The digitization of valuable or sensitive books and bound documents, which for conservation reasons may only be digitized with a small opening angle, requires a reduction of the opening angle to less than 180°. For this purpose, book2net has developed special V-scanners of various sizes.

High-Performance Digitization

To ensure a smooth workflow, it is especially important in the field of mass digitization to keep scanning and processing times as short as possible while offering the user maximum ease of use. For this reason, book2net’s professional systems are equipped with automatic height adjustment and pressure control, which allows the travel paths of the book cradle or the glass plate unit to be individually adapted to the originals.

Book2net offers a variety of book scanners with reduced adjustable opening angle of the book rocker and glass plate, such as our Cobra A1/A2, Falcon, Lizard and Dragon models.

Height compensation

Posted on 28. June 202222. August 2023 by Karin

Book cradle

In order to ensure a true-to-scale, distortion-free high-quality scanning of bound originals, a flat surface of the original is necessary. Professional systems therefore have adjustable or self-adjusting book cradles that automatically compensate for the difference in height between the halves of the original during page turning.

Book2net systems therefore offer book cradles with self-adjusting technology or individually controllable support plates, depending on the requirements.

Glass plate

In order to scan books of different thicknesses gently and efficiently, even with glass plates, professional systems have a height adjustment system for the glass plate that allows the pressure and travel paths to be set precisely to the book thickness.

This is used in particular with semi-robotic high-performance scanners such as the book2net Cobra, Flash, Mosquito, Hornet and Dragon.

Glass plate

Posted on 28. June 202228. June 2022 by Karin

In order to ensure a true-to-scale, distortion-free high-quality image when digitizing bound originals, one of the requirements is that the surface of the original must be absolutely flat. For this reason, many professional scanning systems work with additional glass or Makrolon© plate pressure systems.^©.

In addition, to guarantee that books of different thicknesses and states of preservation can also be scanned gently and efficiently using glass plates, professional systems operate with advanced adjustment systems for the glass plate allowing the pressure and travel paths to be set precisely and individually as required.

This is used in particular with high-performance scanners with semi-robotics such as the book2net Cobra, Flash, Mosquito, Hornet and Dragon.

Professional book scanners also offer special non-reflective glass with UV protection (museum glass) to minimize light exposure, especially for valuable originals such as incunabula and manuscripts.

Interlock

Posted on 28. June 202217. October 2022 by Karin

Book cradle

Mechanical book cradles that are designed for a support angle of up to 180° usually also have a so-called book cradle lock. This works like a brake that prevents the book cradle from making compensating movements during the scan and thus prevents blurring. In addition, there is often also the option of locking the book cradle as a whole by hand or foot switch and using it only as a flat support table.

Glass plate

Professional scanning systems that work with glass plates also have the option of locking the open glass plate to enable scanning without pressure for particularly sensitive originals.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Posted on 20. June 202210. October 2022 by Karin

The electromagnetic spectrum describes the detectable and measurable wavelengths (lambda in m) and frequencies (in Hz) that occur in nature and classifies radiation according to wavelength into types of radiation ranging from gamma radiation to low frequency.

The division into different ranges of electromagnetic radiation serves to visualize, describe and compare their different properties and effects on our environment. One possible type of radiation is visible light, which can be divided into the color spectrum. However, this part, which is visible to the human eye, is only a small part that occurs in nature. The wavelength of visible light is about the size of a cell (1nm = 10-9m = 0.000 000 001m).

On the common scale of the electromagnetic spectrum, on the left is the range of long-wave UV radiation (10-10m), which contains higher energies. We know this range of the electromagnetic spectrum mainly from solar radiation. An even higher energy than UV radiation is contained in X-rays and gamma radiation, which are used in medicine for X-ray images and radiation therapy for cancer.

In the middle range of the electromagnetic spectrum is the only range visible to the human eye. This acts as the light spectrum.

Among the more curvilinear radiations with low energy, which are located on the scale to the right of the visible range, is infrared radiation. It is also called thermal radiation, because every object and living being mainly emits this radiation. The wavelength here is about the size of a nail tip (10-5m). Infrared radiation is followed by microwave radiation, radio waves and low frequency radiation.

Color spectrum

Posted on 20. June 202211. October 2022 by Karin

Color spectrum = Light spectrum: Wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye.

Light spectrum

Posted on 20. June 202220. June 2022 by Karin

The light spectrum is the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the eye. The spectral range visible to humans is between 380 and 780 nanometers, corresponding to a frequency range of about 4·10¹⁴ to 7.5·10 14 Hz.

Each wavelength produces a different color, for example green has a wavelength of about 540nm and blue is between 450 and 500nm. If all visible wavelengths are displayed next to each other, a rainbow-like color gradient appears. In addition, there are wavelength ranges that the human eye cannot see or perceive because there is no trigger for a pulse. These ranges are called ultra-violet (10-380nm) and infrared radiation (>780nm). The shorter a wavelength is, the more energy it has. This is also the reason why ultraviolet light is so harmful for our skin and our eyes, because in the long run it stimulates molecules to change their spatial structure and to split off single atoms.

Noise

Posted on 20. June 20223. July 2023 by Karin

Data that obscures or corrupts signal, as that term is used in the expression signal-to-noise ratio. Although noise is generally unwanted and signal is wanted, there are exceptions. In some circumstances, for example, dithering, which produces noise, is deliberately employed to counteract the aliasing that results when certain frequencies in a sound or image interact with the sampling frequencies applied by digital-capture systems. While noise is often thought of as a random phenomenon, it may be either random or systematic (patterned).

NARA

Posted on 15. June 202215. June 2022 by Karin

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It is also tasked with increasing public access to those documents which make up the National Archive. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential directives, and federal regulations.

For internal use only, involving their own holdings or project with other partner organizations, NARA has developed Guidelines for Digitizing Archival Materials for Electronic Access which can be viewed on the NARA website.

ICC profile

Posted on 14. June 202218. October 2022 by Karin

What is an ICC color profile?

Your photo looks different on the monitor than on your smartphone or printout? Does this sound familiar? Just as every person perceives colors differently, every imaging device (monitor, scanner, digital camera) reproduces colors individually. This is called color space. Each color space has a defined range of colors that it can represent. This means that each input or output device speaks a different “language”, so to speak, when it comes to the colors it can display. In order for them to “speak the same language”, they must be calibrated and a color profile must be created.

To enable consistent color management between input and output devices in the digital workflow, the International Color Consortium (ICC) has developed an international standard format for color profiles. With the ICC color profile, a color image created with an input device (digital camera, scanner) can be reproduced in true color on a monitor or by a printer.

The first link in the process chain is the camera or scanner. Especially in digital preservation, it is particularly important to calibrate the camera or scanner using standardized color templates (e.g. X-Rite ColorChecker) and to create a corresponding color profile to ensure color-accurate reproduction.

True color straight from the camera

The book2net scanners and repro-systems are the only systems on the market equipped with a so-called true-color color management. Directly from the camera, it is possible to generate true-color images according to the color spaces sRGB, Adobe 1998 RGB, ECI RGB V1 and ECI RGB V2 and an ICC color profile. The corresponding ICC profile can be embedded in the image file. There is no need to use additional software such as Photoshop or Lightroom.

This makes it possible to meet all requirements of the digitization guidelines and standards without any problems.

The big advantage of book2net True Color Management: Unlike the creation of an ICC profile, which is calculated e.g. by means of a 24-bit color scan of an X-Rite Color Checker by a “calibration software”, the book2net True Color Management takes advantage of performing all calculations and adjustments in the internal imaging area of the camera with a color and analysis depth of 48 bits. Colors are hit even more precisely and noise is minimized.

The result: METAMORFOZE, FADGI and ISO/TS 19264-1:2017 compliant scan results!

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