Glossary Archives - Page 10 of 16 - book❷net book scanners

LED

Posted on 6. September 202115. June 2022 by multiadmin

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are energy-saving light sources (ESL). In contrast to conventional light bulbs, LEDs achieve 30-50 times the lighting duration, which corresponds to about 50,000 hours. Consequently, an LED can burn for up to 2083 days or more than 5.5 years. Despite their higher initial cost, they are therefore much more economical than conventional lighting.

Our boo2net devices meet the highest conservation and ecological requirements. The Fresnel lenses specially developed for the book2net lighting units are a significant technological advantage over lighting from other manufacturers. They ensure perfect light distribution and illumination. Unwanted and disruptive gradients and reflection effects, which otherwise occur in very in very bright or very dark areas and also with glossy materials, are avoided.

Planetary scanner

Posted on 6. September 202115. June 2022 by multiadmin

As well as the term planetary scanner, the terms orbital scanner or book scanner are used to describe a category of scanners that are specifically designed for the high-quality and gentle digitization of documents and objects.

In contrast to flatbed scanners and document scanners, the scanning unit of the planetary scanner is located above the support surface, so that the originals can be scanned from above without contact. Bound originals such as books and magazines can be conveniently placed with their backs down on the scanner’s support surface. As a result, they can be opened and pages turned over normally and thus scanned very quickly and easily. In contrast to flatbed scanners, in which the book is pressed upside down on the plate and the spine is exposed to high pressure, planetary scanners are extremely gentle to the book spine.

High-quality planetary light scanners also provide adjustable book cradles, which compensate for the differences in height when turning the pages and also release the spine of the book in order to avoid any pressure. However, if a glass plate is needed such systems often also offer the possibility of an adjustable pressure control.

High-quality optics and sensor technology also guarantee the capturing over the entire surface without distortion, so that even difficult areas such as book folds and marginal areas can be easily scanned in the highest quality.

Planetary scanners are available in a wide variety of designs and formats.

Library scanner

Posted on 6. September 202117. October 2022 by multiadmin

What are the requirements for a library scanner?

Besides archives and museums, libraries are among the main custodians of cultural knowledge. With regard to the stocks, there is certainly some overlap. Furthermore, state-sponsored public or academic libraries are service institutions that collect, develop, preserve and provide their users with access to a wide range of information on behalf of the public. Moreover, there are libraries that, like museums, have a certain collection focus or a special function (e.g. music libraries, monastery libraries, school libraries, etc.). Likewise, private libraries, e.g. of companies, religious communities, political parties, public or private associations, can be of high social importance.

The information collected in libraries is conveyed through the provision of media and services; traditionally in form of printed media such as books and journals, but increasingly also in digital form (e-books, DVDs or electronic journals). Since many printed media are often only available as single copies, access to these information carriers is usually very limited. The switch to electronic resources therefore serves to further disseminate and improve the accessibility of media, so that these are no longer limited to one or a few copies. In particular, retro digitization, i.e. the digitization of older collections and rare, valuable books, is becoming increasingly important. Many libraries make these digital copies available via e-readers as digital or virtual libraries.

The on-site use of media in libraries takes place in different ways. A basic distinction is made between lending libraries, in which media can also be physically borrowed, and reference libraries, in which media can only be used on site. Library scanners therefore increase user-friendliness, especially for reference libraries, since the media can also be used outside of the library’s own rooms via digitization.

As part of the cultural heritage, libraries are also highly threatened by disasters or as primary targets of armed conflict. Therefore, the digitization of important, historical and rare library holdings is also a form of active cultural property protection.

Due to these diverse fields of activity, libraries also need different types of library scanners when digitizing their holdings: from self-service scanners as a replacement for copiers to production scanners for document delivery services, to special scanners for retro-digitizing valuable manuscripts, from A3 to A0 large format scanners, from a simple 180° book support up to a conservational V-shape book cradle.

Therefore, self-service scanners such as our book2net Spirit A3 or book2net Public A2 are recommended for public areas with high public traffic, such as reading rooms. They offer quality, ease of use, robustness, durability and a protected operating system that cannot be manipulated. This makes them ideally suited for demanding continuous use and an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional copiers.

In contrast, the digitization centers of libraries need high-performance scanners such as the book2net Ultra A2 or the book2net Mosquito A1. V-scanners such as our book2net Cobra , Lizard and Dragon or special applications such as the book2net multispectral system for the scientific research of manuscripts and incunabula are particularly suitable for the conservational digitization of precious rare collections.

In addition to the special hardware requirements, library scanners also require special software that is intuitive on the one hand and can be easily operated by users in the self-service area, but on the other hand also meets the requirements for integrating third-party software, for supporting service offers (interlibrary loan, etc.), for OCR reading or for generating metadata.

Museum scanner

Posted on 2. September 202117. October 2022 by multiadmin

Why do museums need special scanners?

Besides archives and libraries, museums are the main custodians of movable cultural assets. With regard to the holdings, there is certainly an overlap within these institutions. The spectrum of museums and their collections is almost limitless. In addition to museums with a specific collection focus such as art, design, folklore, history, archaeology, technology and science, or a distinct specialization (e.g. architecture museum, toy museum) there are museums focusing on special functions such as museums for children or blind people.

State sponsored museums are also service institutions that collect, develop and preserve. On behalf of the public, they are supposed to undertake research and provide their visitors with as much information about their collections as possible. At the same time, such research also serves the exchange within the academic community. But also private museums, e.g. of companies, religious communities, political parties, associations or private individuals can be of high social importance due to their unique holdings.

Since museums can usually only exhibit a fraction of their collections, the presentation and communication of relevant information is increasingly taking place digitally. Virtual tours, exhibitions and annotated object databases are new communication channels. As part of the cultural heritage, museums can be massively threatened by disasters or become primary targets of armed conflicts. The thorough digitization of museum collections is therefore both a form of public information and active cultural property protection.

Due to the enormous diversity of museum holdings in general and within individual museums themselves, museums need extremely flexible scanning systems so that they do not have to purchase their own device for each requirement.

Especially in large museums of cultural and regional history, which often contain objects of all kinds, from books, cards, glass negatives to jewelry, coins, specimens, herbaria, thin rock sections through to paintings and photographs, requiring different handling, capturing and lighting technology, flexible scanning systems are indispensable.

Such systems must also meet the highest preservation requirements, since the objects to be digitized are mostly irreplaceable unique items that can be extremely fragile and light-sensitive. Museum scanners should therefore absolutely comply with internationally recognized digitization standards such as METAMORFOZE, FADGI or ISO.

We therefore offer innovative, flexible reprographic scanning systems for digitization projects in the museum and cultural heritage area. They meet the highest conservation standards and offer the greatest possible flexibility in terms of format, texture and lighting of the objects.

In addition, we have developed special applications such as the book2net multispectral system that supports scientific research.

Book formats

Posted on 21. July 202111. November 2021 by multiadmin

Book formats have changed over the centuries and vary from country to country. It is therefore necessary to have a flexible scanning system in order to be able to carefully digitize a wide variety of formats.

The book format indicates how many sheets a book printer can create from one sheet of paper, which is traditionally based on the dimensions of a Roman parchment sheet. An unfolded sheet is called an atlas format, double folio or large folio. Folding the sheet a first time provides a folio format (2 sheets), folding it a second time provides a quarto format (4 sheets), and so on. The size varied depending on the availability of the skins that were processed into parchment.

In letterpress printing from the 15th to 19th centuries, the format was also determined by the number of folds of the paper sheet. However, the size of the paper sheet varied regionally according to the respective measurement system. Sheet sizes between 20 × 30 and 30 × 40 cm were common. In addition, the book size varied by the amount of trimming after binding. The ratio of height to width varied depending on the type of folding. In the 6°, 12° and 24° formats, the width is narrower in relation to the height than in the 2°, 4°, 8° and 16° formats.

German standards

Since 1883, efforts were made in Germany to standardize sheet sizes. 12 standard formats were introduced, of which number 1 measured 33 × 42 cm unfolded. For the bibliographic description of books, the Prussian Instructions (PI) were established, which defined standardized book sizes. The old designations folio, quarto, octavo, etc. were adopted, but defined differently. Only the height of the spine was used for classification, without regard to the sheet folding and proportion, based on the space-saving library arrangement of books of the same height on shelves.

In general, formats according to PI are considerably larger than according to the traditional definition. Thus, an octavo volume according to PI is up to 25 cm high, including also quarto, octavo, duodecimo and all smaller formats according to traditional understanding. In other countries, other rules applied.

Due to different printing, binding and cutting techniques, the size of the finished book varies. Therefore, the German Library in Frankfurt a. M. has created the following guideline:

Abbreviation	Name	Spine Height
gr. 2°	Groß-Folio	over 45 cm
2°	Folio	40–45 cm
gr. 4°	Groß-Quart	35–40 cm
4°	Quart	30–35 cm
Lex. 8°	Lexikon-Oktav	25–30 cm
gr. 8°	Groß-Oktav	22,5–25 cm
8°	Oktav	18,5–22,5 cm
kl. 8°	Klein-Oktav	15–18,5 cm
16°	Sedez	10–15 cm
Specification in centimeters		< 10 cm

Today, libraries in German-speaking countries mostly use the Rules for Alphabetical Cataloging (RAK) created in 1976, which are based on the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). According to this, the height of the book spine is given in centimeters during cataloging without specifying a format category. In addition to the height, booksellers and antiquaries often also specify the width of a book or a format category. The latter also applies to some foreign classification.

Digitization guidelines

Posted on 21. July 202123. August 2023 by multiadmin

Why are guidelines for digitization important to your project?

The quality of a digitization process is subject to a wide variety of factors. It depends on components such as the scanner hardware used (sensor technology and quality of the lens), but also crucially on the light irradiation (internal, controllable lighting in the scanning system, external, often uncontrollable irradiation from natural or artificial room light). Wall colors, the color of the scanning system itself or even the clothing of the user can also influence the quality of the results. Further factors concern upstream or downstream algorithms for image processing or color management.

In particular, the digitization of valuable cultural objects should be carried out as gently and with the highest quality as possible in order to enable future generations to benefit from the data. This raises the question of the best possible concepts and methods that guarantee a constant quality of the scan results with the least physical stress. The development of and compliance with guidelines should therefore be a mandatory prerequisite for every project for the digitization of cultural property. However, navigating through the multitude of scan systems and analysis tools available on the market can be an enormous challenge for the user.

The two currently most popular digitization guidelines, which also define the relevant standards for us, come from the United States (FADGI – Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative) and the Netherlands (Metamorfoze Preservation Imaging Guidelines – a cooperation project between the National Library and the National Archives of the Netherlands). They arose out of the need to create an objective catalog of requirements which state and public institutions can use as criteria for the procurement of scanning systems.

To standardize these two different approaches, the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) has been developing a new standard since 2012, which can be found in the three documents ISO 19262, ISO 19263 and ISO 19264. ISO 19262 documents the terms that are used in the field of image capturing in order to generate a standardized vocabulary. ISO 19263 describes the technical work processes and provides detailed information on how the measurements are best carried out. Finally, ISO 19264 describes the measurements in detail as well as goals and tolerance values for various aspects. Among other things, the main features of image quality, the metrics for evaluating these quality features, the procedure for the image quality analysis and the documentation of the results are specified.

We encourage you to review these documents in order to carry out your projects, even if you are not required to adhere to certain guidelines.

Get more information:

FADGI
Website: http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/
PDF digitization guidelines for download: http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/FADGI_Still_Image_Tech_Guidelines_2016.pdf

METAMORFOZE

Website: https://www.metamorfoze.nl/
PDF digitization guidelines for download: https://www.metamorfoze.nl/sites/default/files/publicatie_documenten/Metamorfoze_Preservation_Imaging_Guidelines_1.0.pdf

ISO-Standard
PDF digitization guidelines for download: Standardization of Image Quality Analysis – ISO 19264

PDF vocabulary: ISO 19262 : 2015 Photography-Archiving Systems – Vocabulary http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=64219

FADGI

Posted on 21. July 202124. August 2023 by multiadmin

The Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative (FADGI) The Federal Agencies Digital Guidelines Initiative (FADGI) was founded in 2007 as a collaborative effort by different federal agencies in the United States to articulate common technical guidelines, methods and practices for the archiving of digitized and born digital documents of historical and cultural importance. These standards have been given heightened urgency by the US government’s initiative to stop the flow of analog documents into the National Archives after 2022 in favor of electronic records.

Two working groups deal with the two main themes: the audiovisual and still images. With a ranking of one (low) to four (high) stars, performance parameters were created based on a comprehensive numerical analysis of the accuracy and quality of the digital copies for varying media.

The guidelines are published and updated viahttp://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/.

German Federal Document Safeguarding Project

Posted on 20. July 202122. August 2023 by multiadmin

The destruction of culturally and historically significant documents through armed conflicts or natural disasters means irreparable damage to cultural memory. Valuable archive and written material are therefore particularly in need of protection. The amount of archival material and their random locations, however, generally does not allow a significant amount of outsourcing in the event of catastrophes or hazardous situations, as the protected spaces required for this are hardly available. For this reason, the Federal Republic of Germany began in 1961, in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property, to microfilm its valuable archives for security purposes and to store them at central shelter so that they can replace the original documents in the event of irretrievable loss. The microfilming is carried out on behalf of the Federation under the leadership of the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK). The archive material is security-filmed on microfilm in accordance with selection criteria defined by the Federal Government and in compliance with specified technical standards.

As part of the conversion of the microfilming devices to digital technology, which was agreed between the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK) and the Conference of Heads of the Federal and State Archives Administrations (KLA), tenders for high-performance archive scanners have recently been issued to carry out this major task. We are pleased that several of the central state archives have already decided to purchase our new archive scanner book2net Archive Pro to support this project.

Metamorfoze

Posted on 20. July 202115. June 2022 by multiadmin

Metamorfoze is the Netherlands’ national program for the preservation of paper heritage. The program is an initiative of the Ministry of OCW (Education, Culture and Sciences) and started in 1997 as a venture between the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands) and the Nationaal Archief (National Archives). The program is coordinated by Bureau Metamorfoze, the National Preservation Office that is situated at the National Library and counsels heritage institutions in formulating proposals for projects and carrying them out. The Bureau is also responsible for releasing information related to the program. As part of its mandate, the Bureau created guidelines for digitizing books and paper documents, which are now internationally recognized as one of the main standards. Metamorfoze is an important source of information within the international community when it comes to the mass preservation of a country’s paper heritage.

The digital images produced for Metamorfoze must adhere to specified quality standards and retain a verifiable relation to the original in such a way that they can serve as a replacement of the original object, as the originals are withdrawn from use after preservation. However, there will be different requirements for different types of material.

The Metamorfoze Preservation Imaging Guidelines are available online as a PDF document. Moreover, the Bureau Metamorfoze has also drawn up a Checklist for digitization of valuable manuscripts.

Metamorfoze describes three tiers of quality:

Low Quality	Extra Light
Mid Quality	Light
Preservation Grade Quality	(sometimes referred to as “strict” bezeichnet)

However, the purpose of these levels is not to give a fundamentally negative judgment on digitization, which is carried out with a quality below the preservation grade quality.

There are applications in which it is completely sufficient to reach a lower level. This applies in particular to projects where the legibility of the pure text material is more important than the accuracy of the tone and color values. If the user can clearly read the result, then the quality achieved is more than sufficient for the task.

Archive scanner

Posted on 20. July 202117. October 2022 by multiadmin

Why do archives need special scanners?

In addition to libraries and museums, archives are among the main custodians of movable cultural assets. In public ownership, they form the particularly sensitive cultural as well as the legal-administrative memory of a state, a municipality or a region. But also private archives, be it of companies, religious communities, political parties, clubs or family associations, can be of great social importance.

The information stored in archives and the associated information carriers are summarized under the term archive material. Archival records generally include documents that are no longer required by the relevant institutions, authorities, companies, organizations or private individuals for current tasks, but have been assessed as valuable for an indefinite storage. The information can be transmitted on different carriers: paper-based such as charters, documents, letters, sheet music, maps, plans, photos, electronically such as films and sound recordings, and increasingly also in digital form. Often there are also objects included such as seals or glass negatives.

What is specific to archives is that the information stored is mostly unique. Therefore, they are often subject to the protection of cultural property as part of the cultural heritage. Public archives generally work on the basis of archive laws, which define archiving and the associated fields of work as a public task. This includes the indexing, preservation of the holdings and the provision of archival materials for the community. In this context, the digitization of archival material has become increasingly important.

The complexity of archive material and the various fields of activity of archives require different systems for digitization and utilization.

Therefore, archive scanners such as our book2net Spirit A3 oder book2net Public A2 are the best solution for public areas. They offer quality, ease of use, robustness, durability and a protected operating system that cannot be manipulated.

On the other hand, archive scanners that accommodate the different formats, structures and requirements of archive material are required for digitization projects. For this purpose, we have specially developed the book2net archive scanner Archive Pro in close cooperation with our customers. This scanning system uniquely combines the qualities of a high-end book scanner with the advantages of a variable repro system, allowing the digitization of formats from A1+ to A5+ with a resolution of up to 1,200 dpi. Providing a height-adjustable camera slide, process-controlled automatic scanning and an accessible motorized support table, the system is extremely variable and user-friendly.

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